Review Chapter 3 Section 4 Reteaching Activity the Market Revolution Answer Key

The Market Revolution

The Market place Revolution of the nineteenth century radically shifted commerce besides as the style of life for most Americans.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the key technological, political, and geographic factors that contributed to the Market Revolution in the Usa

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• The Market Revolution was characterized by a shift away from local or regional markets to national markets.
• The agricultural explosion in the South and W and the cloth smash in the N strengthened the economy in complementary ways.
• Eli Whitney 'due south cotton fiber gin and pioneering work with metal mechanical parts contributed greatly to industrialization.
• Large-scale domestic manufacturing, full-bodied in the Due north, decreased dependence on foreign imports and resulted in an increment in wage labor.
• The power of the federal regime grew under Henry Clay 's American System, which led to many improvements in the form of expanded roadways and canal systems.
• The rapid development and w expansion during the Market Revolution resulted in country speculation which acquired economical boom and bust.

Key Terms

• wage labor: The socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, in which the worker sells his labor under a formal or informal employment contract.
• American Arrangement: A ready of manufacturing methods that evolved in the nineteenth century, characterized by a system for making interchangeable parts and a high caste of mechanization that results in a more efficient utilise of labor compared to hand methods.
• Eli Whitney: An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin.

Introduction: The Market Revolution

The Market Revolution (1793–1909) in the United States was a drastic change in the manual-labor organization originating in the Southward (and presently moving to the North) and afterwards spreading to the entire earth. Traditional commerce was made obsolete by improvements in transportation, communication, and industry. With the growth of large-scale domestic manufacturing, trade within the Us increased, and dependence on foreign imports declined. The dramatic changes in labor and production at this time included a nifty increase in wage labor. The agricultural explosion in the S and West and the cloth boom in the North strengthened the economy in complementary ways.

The South and the Cotton Gin

Commercial agriculture and domestic manufacturing became crucial sectors of the American economic system. In 1793, Eli Whitney's cotton gin revolutionized the cotton fiber industry in the South. The cotton gin (short for cotton engine) was a machine that quickly and easily separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly past hand, nigh oft past slaves. Whitney went on to develop muskets with interchangeable parts, a technology employed by northern manufacturers in many different industries.

Eli Whitney on U.S. stamp outcome of 1940: Eli Whitney'south crucial contributions to the Marketplace Revolution created a lasting legacy.

Advancements in the W

Many new products revolutionized agronomics in the Westward besides. John Deere, for example, invented a horse-pulled steel plow to replace the difficult oxen-driven wooden plows that farmers had used for centuries. The steel plow immune farmers to till soil faster and more than cheaply without having to make repairs every bit often. In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick'due south mechanical mower-reaper quintupled the efficiency of wheat farming. Simply as southern farmers had prospered afterwards the invention of the cotton wool gin, farmers in the West raked in huge profits as they conquered more lands from the American Indians to establish more and more wheat. For the kickoff time, farmers began producing more wheat than the West could consume. Rather than let it become to waste product, they began to transport crop surpluses to sell in the manufacturing Northeast.

The American System

The importance of the federal regime also grew during this period. Congressman Henry Clay introduced the American Organization to develop internal improvements, protect U.Due south. industry through tariffs, and create a national bank. Federal and local governments, as well as private individuals, invested in roads, canals, and railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal was a tremendous engineering feat and opened the West for trade with markets on the east declension.

Highways of the United States, ca. 1825: Turnpikes, canals, and track lines drastically changed America's mural, beginning in the 1800s.

Following the State of war of 1812, the American economy was altered from an economy partly dependent on imports from Europe to an empire of internal commerce. With a new generation of leaders, the Republican Party came to embrace the principles of government activism and the evolution of large-scale domestic manufacturing.

Westward invasion into American Indian territory relegated rich new farmlands to the U.s.a.. This period of rapid development in the Due east and expansion in the W produced a wave of land speculation that resulted in economical periods of blast and bust. These periods were characterized past patterns of high market prices followed by ruinously low prices, falling product, and bankruptcies past producers.

Transportation: Roads, Canals, and Railroads

In the nineteenth century, the construction of roads, rails, and canals dramatically improved national mobility.

Learning Objectives

Depict the revolution in transportation in the nineteenth century and its contribution to economical growth

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• During the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the federal government, state governments, and private investors directed significant resources to the transportation sector.
• The National Road, or Cumberland Road, was the showtime highway built by the federal government.
• The development of the Erie Canal, extending from New York Land to the Neat Lakes, cut the costs of freight send by 95 percent and contributed greatly to the wealth and stature of New York City.
• Though canals offered tremendous advantages over country shipment, they could not compete with the efficiency and flexibility of the railroad.
• The about prominent early railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which linked the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River and offered passenger and freight service as of 1830.
• With improved methods of transportation came the concept of Manifest Destiny; land developers, railroad magnates, and other investors capitalized on west settlement into American Indian country.

Key Terms

• Erie Canal: The 363 mile-long culvert from the Great Lake of the same name to the Hudson River.
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: One of the oldest track lines in the Us and the starting time common carrier rail line.
• National Road: The first major improved highway in the United states to be congenital by the federal government.

Advances in Transportation

In the late eighteenth century, the U.S. population was centered on the Atlantic coast, with all major population centers located on natural harbors or navigable waterways. H2o and river transportation were central to the national economy, while nearly overland transportation was by equus caballus, which made it hard to motility large quantities of goods. Past 1803, the country was growing quickly with the access of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio; however, the only means of transportation between these landlocked western states and their coastal neighbors was by foot, pack brute, or ship.

During the nineteenth century, transportation routes and means of send underwent dramatic changes, greatly increasing national mobility. New and improved transportation technology made it easier and faster to transport goods: first national roads, then canals, and finally the railroad revolution.

Roads

In eighteenth-century America, roads were privately built, and the government played fiddling function in their construction. Early price roads were constructed and owned by articulation-stock companies that sold stock to raise structure upper-case letter. As the nation expanded, all the same, the regime came to encounter the transportation network as a public good worthy of government support.

In 1808, a regime-sponsored Report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals suggested that the federal authorities should fund the construction of interstate turnpikes and canals. The suggestion was controversial: Anti-Federalists opposed expanding authorities ability, but many others were persuaded by the compelling need for overland roads for military operations as well as for general commerce. Following the report, work began on a National Road to connect the westward to the eastern seaboard. In 1815, structure on the National Road (likewise known as the "Cumberland Route") began in Cumberland, Maryland; by 1818, the road had reached Wheeling, West Virginia (then part of Virginia). Though political strife ultimately prevented its western advance to the Mississippi River, this road became the gateway for thousands of west-leap antebellum settlers.

Canals

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, economic expansion spurred the building of canals to speed goods to marketplace. Among the most of import of these canals was the Erie Canal. First proposed in 1807, the Erie Culvert waterway was synthetic from 1817 to 1825 and was the first transportation organisation between New York City and the western interior of the United states of america. Extending from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, the canal cut send costs by about 95 percent.

The Erie Canal made an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City, which became the chief U.Southward. port, and it fostered a population surge in western New York State. Information technology also served to increase merchandise throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to midwestern farm products, and it opened regions farther west to settlement. The success of the Erie Culvert led to a proliferation of smaller canal routes in the region.

Profile of the 1000 Erie Canal: This is an 1832 profile of the Erie Culvert, connecting New York City to the Western Interior of the U.South.

The Illinois and Michigan Canal was built in 1848 to connect the Not bad Lakes to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. It helped establish Chicago as the transportation hub of the United States. Well-nigh of the canal work was done by Irish immigrants who had previously worked on the Erie Canal. Towns were planned out forth the path of the canal, spaced at intervals respective to the length that the mules could haul the barges. From 1848 to 1852, the canal was a pop passenger route, but this ended in 1853 with the opening of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad that ran parallel to the canal. Today, much of the canal is a long, thin park with canoeing and a 62.v-mile hiking and biking trail (constructed on the alignment of the mule tow paths).

Locktender's House on the Illinois and Michigan Canal: Lock No. 8 and Locktender'southward House, Illinois and Michigan Canal just west of Aux Sable Creek, nearly Morris, Illinois. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was an important canal in the nineteenth century, but was rendered obsolete when new railroads replaced it.

Railroads

Canals radically improved transportation, but their reign was short-lived. By the mid-nineteenth century, the canal smash was brought to a sudden terminate by the rapid expansion of railroads. Railroads provided a quick, scheduled, and year-round mode of transportation. Railroads were superior to h2o routes in that they provided a safer, less chancy style of send.

Starting time in 1826, several states chartered railroads, including Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Pennsylvania. The most prominent early railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which linked the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River and offered passenger and freight service as of 1830.

Celebration of completion of the Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869: Railroads came to play a major role in westward expansion in the late nineteenth century.

Effect on American Indians

Improved transportation increased the Usa' potential to expand its borders westward. While much of the ground for westward expansion was economic, there was also another reason, which was bound up in the American belief that the state, and the American Indian "heathens" who populated it, were destined to come nether the civilizing rule of Euro-American settlers and their superior engineering science, almost notably railroads and the telegraph. While it'due south unclear whether that belief was a heartfelt motivation held by most Americans or simply a rationalization of the conquests that followed, the clashes—both physical and cultural—that resulted from this western migration left scars on the country that withal are felt today.

The concept of "Manifest Destiny" institute its roots in the long-standing traditions of territorial expansion upon which the nation itself was founded. Land developers, railroad magnates, and other investors capitalized on w settlement into American Indian state. The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 was pivotal in helping settlers move west more quickly. Other railway initiatives would follow, subsequently creating a network linking all corners of the nation.

Factories, Working Women, and Wage Labor

Industrialization in the United States was marked by a growth in factories and an implementation of wage labor, every bit well every bit past an increase in the number of working women and deskilled workers.

Learning Objectives

Draw the early on years of industrialization in the American Northeast

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Showtime with the fabric industry, wage labor began to replace family unit labor and apprenticeship every bit the dominant form of labor in the The states.
• Francis Cabot Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Company popularized reliance on wage labor, which involves a laborer selling his or her labor to an employer under contract. The Boston Manufacturing Visitor became the leading textile manufacturer in the United states and pioneered the Waltham-Lowell System.
• Young women were the master labor force in the textile manufacture, though children often were employed in mills, besides.
• In the 1830s, the Lowell Mill Girls organized strikes to protest wage reductions; these women were some of the earliest examples of labor- reform movements.

Key Terms

• Deskilling: The process by which skilled labor within an industry or economy is eliminated by the introduction of technologies operated past semiskilled or unskilled workers.
• wage labor: The socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, in which the worker sells his or her labor under a formal or informal employment contract.
• Waltham-Lowell System: A labor and production model employed in the United States, particularly in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early nineteenth century.

Industrialization in the Northeast

Every bit the nation deepened its technological base of operations, artisans and craftsmen were fabricated obsolete through the process of deskilling, every bit they were replaced by non-specialized workers. These workers used machines to replicate in minutes or hours work that would require a skilled worker days to complete. As New England 'south textile industry took off, manufactory villages quickly grew into large factory towns, attracting rural workers from the surrounding countryside. The many children employed in early factories were paid very low wages because they were seen to exist supplementing family income.

The Rise of the Textile Industry

At the first of the Industrial Revolution, the fabric industry was rife with potential for mechanization. Prior to this menstruation, textile product was traditionally performed at home; notwithstanding, at the commencement of the nineteenth century, the work was mechanized and increasingly done on an industrial scale.

Slater's Mill

In the late eighteenth century, the English textile industry had adopted technological innovations that profoundly improved the efficiency and quality of fabric manufacture: the spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule. Even so, these technologies were closely guarded by the British government. In 1789, Samuel Slater, an apprentice in one of the largest textile factories in England, defied British laws against the emigration of skilled laborers and smuggled his cognition of cloth mechanism to the Us. In 1793, he established a cotton-spinning mill with a fully mechanized water-power system at the Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. Slater's Manufactory was established in the Blackstone Valley, which became one of the earliest industrialized regions in the U.s.a.. At its acme, more than 1,000 mills operated in this valley. Slater went on to build several more than cotton and wool mills throughout New England.

Lowell'southward Factories

Slater'due south mills ran on a business model called the "Rhode Island System." In this model, mill villages employed all members of a family. Past the 1820s, this system began to be replaced by a more efficient system based upon the ideas of Francis Cabot Lowell, an American businessman who was instrumental in bringing the Industrial Revolution to the The states. Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Company dominated the cloth industry in the United States in the 1820s, developing efficient and novel systems of labor and production.

Lowell, a Massachusetts merchant, was permitted to tour British fabric factories in 1810. He memorized the design of textile machines, and on his render to the United States, he established the Boston Manufacturing Visitor. In the "Waltham-Lowell System," for the start time, both spinning and weaving occurred on site, and manufacturing plant workers resided in collective company housing nether strict supervision. Following his death in 1817, Lowell's assembly congenital America's offset planned factory boondocks: the eponymous Lowell, Massachusetts.

"Lowell Manufacturing plant Girls," ca. 1870: Two women manufacturing plant workers known as "Lowell Mill Girls."

Wage Labor and Factory Conditions

Lowell popularized the use of the wage labor, a system in which a worker sells his or her labor to an employer under contract. Wage labor displaced reliance on apprenticeship and family labor. Jeffersonian agrarians viewed wage labor as a negative forcefulness in lodge, arguing that the economy of the The states should exist built upon agriculture rather than on industry. Jefferson reasoned that the growth of a course of wage laborers would decrease cocky-sufficiency in America.

Lowell's factory employed young female workers, some every bit young as 10 years old. These workers were typically hired for contracts of one year. Though considered an improvement on the squalid weather of factory towns in the United Kingdom, weather in the Lowell mills were severe by mod American standards. Factories were crowded and extremely loud with poor air quality and little to no ventilation. Employees worked from 5:00 a.thou. until vii:00 p.m., for as many as fourscore hours per calendar week. This model became known every bit the "Waltham-Lowell Organisation."

The monotony of repetitive tasks fabricated days particularly long. In the winter, when the lord's day set early, oil lamps were used to light the factory floor, and employees strained their eyes to see their work and coughed as the rooms filled with smoke from the lamps. Some factories did non allow employees to sit downwardly. Doors and windows were kept closed, especially in textile factories where fibers could exist easily disturbed by incoming breezes, and mills were often unbearably hot and boiling in the summer. In the winter, workers often shivered in the cold. In such environments, workers' health suffered.

The workplace posed other dangers as well. The presence of cotton bales alongside the oil used to lubricate machines made fire a mutual trouble in textile factories. Workplace injuries were also common. Workers' hands and fingers were maimed or severed when they were defenseless in machines; in some cases, limbs or entire bodies were crushed. Workers who didn't die from such injuries about certainly lost their jobs, and with them, their income. Corporal punishment of both children and adults was mutual in factories; where corruption was most extreme, children sometimes died every bit a result of injuries suffered at the easily of an overseer.

As the decades passed, working conditions deteriorated in many mills. Workers were assigned more machines to tend, and the owners increased the speed at which the machines operated. Wages were cut in many factories, and employees who had in one case labored for an hourly wage at present establish themselves reduced to piecework, paid for the amount they produced and not for the hours they toiled. Owners too reduced compensation for piecework. Low wages combined with regular periods of unemployment made the lives of workers hard, especially for those individuals with families to support. In New York City in 1850, for instance, the average male worker earned $300 a year; it price approximately $600 a yr to support a family of v.

Early Labor Reform Movements

The long hours, strict discipline, and depression wages soon led workers to organize to protest their working conditions and pay. In 1821, the young women employed by the Boston Manufacturing Company in Waltham went on strike for two days when their wages were cut. In 1824, workers in Pawtucket went on strike to protestation reduced pay rates and longer hours, the latter of which had been accomplished by cut back the amount of fourth dimension allowed for meals. Like strikes occurred at Lowell and in other factory towns such as Dover, New Hampshire, where the women employed past the Cocheco Manufacturing Visitor ceased working in December 1828 later on their wages were reduced.

In the 1830s, female manufactory operatives in Lowell formed the Lowell Factory Girls Association to organize strike activities in the face of wage cuts and, later, established the Lowell Female Labor Reform Clan to protest the twelve-hour workday. They distributed legislative petitions, formed labor organizations, contributed essays and manufactures to pro-labor newspapers, and protested through turn-outs or strikes. Even though strikes were rarely successful and workers unremarkably were forced to accept reduced wages and increased hours, work stoppages as a form of labor protest represented the beginnings of the labor motion in the United States.

Constitution of the Factory Girls Association in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1836: This is the constitution of the Labor Reform Association of Lowell's female person material workers, drafted in 1836.

The Growth of the Cotton fiber Industry

Eli Whitney'south invention of the cotton wool gin in 1793 resulted in massive growth in the cotton industry in the American Southward.

Learning Objectives

Depict the economic and political effects of Eli Whitney'southward cotton gin

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• With the invention of Eli Whitney 'southward cotton gin in 1793, cotton became a tremendously profitable manufacture, creating many fortunes for white plantation owners in the antebellum South.
• The cotton gin (short for "cotton engine") was a motorcar that quickly and hands separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly past hand, well-nigh often by slaves.
• Cotton wool shortly became the primary export in the Usa and by 1860, on the eve of the Civil War, the southern states were providing ii-thirds of the world's supply of cotton wool.
• The textile boom in New England created an of import domestic market for cotton wool producers. Cotton plantations depended on slave labor, and as a issue of the boom in this manufacture, slavery increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
• Due to its profound effect on American slavery, the growth of the cotton industry is frequently cited as one of the causes of the American Civil War.

Key Terms

• Eli Whitney: An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin.
• cotton gin: A machine that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, a chore that otherwise must exist performed painstakingly by hand.

Cotton in the S

In the antebellum era—that is, in the years before the Ceremonious State of war—American planters in the South continued to grow Chesapeake tobacco and Carolina rice as they had in the colonial era. Cotton, withal, emerged as the antebellum South'due south major commercial crop, eclipsing tobacco, rice, and saccharide in economic importance.

The Cotton Gin

In 1793, Eli Whitney revolutionized the production of cotton when he invented the cotton gin, a device that separated the seeds from raw cotton. Suddenly, a procedure that was extraordinarily labor-intensive when done past hand could be completed quickly and hands. The cotton gin (short for "cotton fiber engine") quickly and easily separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly by manus—nigh frequently by slaves. Whitney's introduction of "teeth" in his cotton gin to comb out the cotton and split the seeds revolutionized this procedure.

With the invention of Whitney's cotton wool gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable industry, creating many fortunes in the antebellum Southward. American plantation owners, who were searching for a successful staple crop to compete on the world marketplace, found it in cotton.

A cotton fiber gin on brandish at the Eli Whitney Museum: The invention of the cotton wool gin revolutionized the cloth industry in the early nineteenth century and transformed the economy of the South.

Domestic and International Markets

As a commodity, cotton had the advantage of existence easily stored and transported. A need for it already existed in the industrial cloth mills in Dandy Britain, and in time, a steady stream of slave-grown American cotton would also supply northern textile mills. Southern cotton, picked and processed by American slaves, helped fuel the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution in both the The states and Bang-up Britain.

New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, were aircraft points that derived substantial economical benefit from cotton raised throughout the South. Cotton soon became the primary export in the United States, and by 1860, on the eve of the Civil War, the southern states were providing ii-thirds of the earth'due south supply of cotton wool.

Additionally, the evolution of large-scale mills and metallic machine tools dramatically increased cloth product in northern mill towns in the early 1800s. Though cotton was primarily grown for export to Europe, this textile boom in New England created an important domestic market for southern cotton producers.

Cotton, Slavery, and the Civil War

Due to its profound upshot on American slavery, the growth of the cotton fiber manufacture is oftentimes cited every bit ane of the causes of the American Civil War. The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from approximately 700,000 in 1790 to roughly three.2 million in 1850. A congressional ban on the importation of slaves from Africa in 1808 only increased the demand for domestic slaves on cotton plantations, hindering the work of abolitionists who sought to end slavery. The domestic slave trade exploded, providing economic opportunities for whites involved in many aspects of the merchandise and increasing the possibility of slaves' dislocation and separation from kin and friends.

Slave market in Atlanta, Georgia, 1864: This prototype depicts the site of a slave market place in Atlanta in 1864. The cotton industry in the South was fully dependent on the institution of slavery.

A Communications Revolution

The U.s.a. experienced a communication revolution in in the early 1800s, during which the penny press and the electrical telegraph emerged.

Learning Objectives

Place ii central components in the nineteenth century's communications revolution

Primal Takeaways

Central Points

• Prior to the development of the penny press, newspapers primarily serviced the business community and served equally tools for political propaganda.
• In 1833, the outset penny newspaper, the Lord's day, was founded in New York. Penny papers were the starting time papers to target working and middle class audiences.
• While almost newspapers were controlled past political parties and reported a political party line, penny papers, known for their sensational journalism, were politically contained. In 1836, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail invented the electric telegraph and the Morse code signaling alphabet, assuasive for the wired communication of messages using electrical signals.
• Improved communication systems fostered the evolution of business organisation, economics, and politics by allowing for dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.

Key Terms

• Electrical Telegraph: A type of communication that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via telecommunication lines or radio.

Advances in forms of communications greatly expanded in the United States during the early 1800s. The penny press and the electrical telegraph were amid the innovations that emerged during this communications revolution.

Newspapers

In the early 1800s, newspapers were largely meant for the elite. They generally took 2 forms: mercantile sheets intended for the business community, which contained ship schedules, wholesale product prices, advertisements, and some strange news; and political newspapers, which were controlled past political parties or their editors as a ways of sharing their views with elite stakeholders. Journalists reported the party line and editorialized in favor of political party positions.

Mass production of inexpensive newspapers became possible due to the shift from handcrafted printing to steam-powered printing. In 1833, the beginning "penny newspaper," the Sunday, was founded in New York. Penny papers—specifically targeting the working class urban population—quickly became widespread. The inexpensive sensationalized news sources covered criminal offence, tragedy, risk, and gossip, and these newspapers easily shifted allegiance on political issues. The changes fabricated during the Penny Press era set the standards for all hereafter newspapers, and those standards are still implemented today.

The New York Herald Penny Press, 1861: The penny press revolutionized journalism in the 1830s.

Electrical Telegraph

In 1836, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail adult an electrical telegraph capable of transmitting text letters over long distances using wire. Together, they developed the Morse lawmaking signaling alphabet system.

In 1843, the U.S. Congress appropriated $30,000 to fund an experimental telegraph line from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland. In May of 1844, Morse made the first public demonstration of his telegraph, sending the famous message, "What hath God wrought?" The Morse-Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the following two decades. Improved communication systems fostered the development of business, economics, and politics by allowing for dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.

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